 These statistics show the decline in the rate of European immigration over the years. For example, the 1959/60 Settler Arrivals from Europe were 92.1% of the total intake, whereas this had dropped to 25.8% in 1996/97. The Asianisation of Australia: An Exposé of the Asian Future Being Forced Upon Australia and The Demise of the White Australia Policy show how such a decline has been brought about, and that it was deliberately contrived. Permanent Arrivals (Settlers): "Settlers comprise persons arriving in Australia who hold permanent visas, regardless of stated intended period of stay, New Zealand citizens who indicate an intention to settle, and those who are otherwise eligible to settle (eg. overseas- born children of Australian citizens)."(35) The Department of Immigration notes that "This definition of settlers was adopted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in January 1985 to equate that used by this Department. Prior to that date the definition used by the ABS was based on the traveller's stated intention only." (Note: In compiling the statistics in this document, from the ABS' microfiche statistics and the Department of Immigration's published Consolidated Statistics series, discrepancies only appeared in the statistics for the period 1982/83 to 1987/88; therefore, supplementary tables have been produced in this document, listing the Department of Immigration's statistics for that period, although these differ only minutely from those produced by the ABS).(36) Net Settler Gain: Comprises Permanent Arrivals (Settlers), minus any Former Settlers departing permanently. Net Permanent Gain: Comprises Permanent Arrivals (Settlers), minus any Former Settlers departing permanently, and minus the permanent departure of any other Australian residents. Long-Term Movement: "Temporary visa holders arriving and residents departing temporarily with the intention to stay in Australia or abroad for twelve months or more, and the departure of temporary visa holders and the return of residents who had stayed abroad for twelve months or more."(37) Short-Term Movement: "Travellers whose intended or actual stay in Australia or abroad is less than twelve months."(38) Permanent and Long-Term Arrivals: Comprises Permanent Arrivals (Settlers) plus Long-Term Arrivals. Net Permanent and Long-Term Gain: Comprises Permanent Arrivals (Settlers) plus Long-Term Arrivals; minus 1) the departure of Former Settlers, 2) the departure of other Australian residents, and 3) the departure of Long-Term Arrivals. Net Total Immigration: Comprises Permanent Arrivals (Settlers), plus Long-Term Arrivals, plus Short-Term Arrivals; minus 1) the departure of Former Settlers, 2) the departure of other Australian residents, 3) the departure of Long-Term Arrivals, and 4) the departure of Short-Term Arrivals. However, as has been discussed elsewhere in this document, this category is to a great extent based upon Short-Term Movement, for which category the Australian Bureau of Statistics uses a system of "sampling", rather than full calculation of the numbers involved. IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1959/60 - 1996/97 PERMANENT ARRIVALS (SETTLERS) (39)
U.K. and
Year Asia % Europe % Other % Total %
1959/60 2 694 2.5 97 498 92.1 5 695 5.4 105 887 100
1960/61 3 210 3.0 98 601 91.0 6 480 6.0 108 291 100
1961/62 3 171 3.7 76 467 89.1 6 170 7.2 85 808 100
1962/63 3 801 3.7 91 053 89.4 7 034 6.9 101 888 100
1963/64 3 960 3.2 109 011 89.1 9 347 7.6 122 318 100
1964/65 4 336 3.1 125 402 89.5 10 414 7.4 140 152 100
1965/66 5 842 4.0 127 733 88.7 10 480 7.3 144 055 100
1966/67 6 372 4.6 120 778 87.1 11 526 8.3 138 676 100
1967/68 8 598 6.2 113 034 82.2 15 893 11.6 137 525 100
1968/69 13 610 7.7 141 930 80.8 20 117 11.4 175 657 100
1969/70 16 869 9.1 147 086 79.5 21 144 11.4 185 099 100
1970/71 17 116 10.1 127 174 74.8 25 721 15.1 170 011 100
1971/72 14 645 11.0 94 148 70.9 23 926 18.0 132 719 100
1972/73 12 898 12.0 75 893 70.7 18 610 17.3 107 401 100
1973/74 16 637 14.8 73 682 65.4 22 393 19.9 112 712 100
1974/75 14 491 16.2 56 274 63.1 18 382 20.6 89 147 100
1975/76 11 072 21.0 29 468 55.9 12 208 23.1 52 748 100
1976/77 24 848 35.0 31 169 43.9 14 899 21.0 70 916 100
1977/78 21 693 29.6 32 693 44.7 18 785 25.7 73 171 100
1978/79 23 170 34.5 23 060 34.3 20 962 31.2 67 192 100
1979/80 26 602 32.9 31 276 38.7 22 870 28.3 80 748 100
1980/81 29 112 26.3 52 665 47.6 28 912 26.1 110 689 100
1981/82 31 384 26.6 62 692 53.1 23 955 20.3 118 031 100
1982/83 27 704 29.8 47 377 50.9 17 930 19.3 93 011 100
1983/84 29 660 43.1 23 930 34.8 15 220 22.1 68 810 100
1984/85 35 329 45.6 22 132 28.5 20 047 25.9 77 508 100
1985/86 36 280 39.2 28 099 30.3 28 211 30.5 92 590 100
1986/87 44 656 39.3 36 544 32.2 32 341 28.5 113 541 100
1987/88 57 363 40.0 43 560 30.4 42 543 29.6 143 466 100
1988/89 61 150 42.1 42 438 29.2 41 728 28.7 145 316 100
1989/90 55 560 45.8 38 386 31.7 27 281 22.5 121 227 100
1990/91 67 106 55.1 32 333 26.6 22 249 18.3 121 688 100
1991/92 60 301 56.1 26 870 25.0 20 220 18.8 107 391 100
1992/93 37 586 49.2 22 200 29.1 16 544 21.7 76 330 100
1993/94 31 681 45.4 20 473 29.3 17 614 25.2 69 768 100
1994/95 38 448 44.0 25 523 29.2 23 457 26.8 87 428 100
1995/96 46 087 46.5 26 463 26.7 26 589 26.8 99 139 100
1996/97 37 456 43.7 22 167 25.8 26 129 30.5 85 752 100
Notes: a) All years listed are financial years: July 1st to June 30th. b) "Settler" statistics were kept only from January 1959. c) "Asia" includes "West Asia", except that Cyprus has been included in "Europe". d) Immigration statistics for 1983/84 have been rounded off. e) There are slight differences between the immigration figures produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (unpublished statistics used in this document) and the Department of Immigration (the Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research's Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics issues numbered 17 and 18) for the years 1982/83 - 1987/88 (40*). The Department of Immigration's figures for those years are produced below, while the Australian Bureau of Statistics' figures are incorporated in the table above, so that direct comparisons can be made with the other immigration tables in this document. IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1982/83 - 1987/88 PERMANENT ARRIVALS (SETTLERS) (Department of Immigration figures) (41) 1982/83 28 048 30.1 47 249 50.7 17 880 19.2 93 177 100 1983/84 30 266 43.4 24 212 34.7 15 330 22.0 69 808 100 1984/85 35 661 45.7 22 329 28.6 20 097 25.7 78 087 100 1985/86 36 275 39.2 28 020 30.3 28 115 30.4 92 410 100 1986/87 44 588 39.3 36 434 32.1 36 434 32.1 113 309 100 1987/88 57 397 40.0 43 566 30.4 42 527 29.6 143 490 100 IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1959/60 - 1996/97 NET SETTLER GAIN (Permanent Arrivals [Settlers] minus Former Settler Departures) (42)
U.K. and
Year Asia % Europe % Other % Total %
1959/60 2 527 2.5 91 911 92.3 5 146 5.2 99 584 100
1960/61 2 997 2.9 93 431 91.3 5 932 5.8 102 360 100
1961/62 2 857 3.7 68 553 89.5 5 157 6.7 76 567 100
1962/63 3 502 3.8 83 707 89.8 5 982 6.4 93 191 100
1963/64 3 612 3.2 102 090 89.8 7 957 7.0 113 659 100
1964/65 3 913 3.0 117 312 90.3 8 656 6.7 129 881 100
1965/66 5 333 4.2 113 863 89.2 8 496 6.6 127 692 100
1966/67 5 893 5.0 103 187 87.3 9 158 7.7 118 238 100
1967/68 8 164 7.2 92 340 81.0 13 501 11.8 114 005 100
1968/69 14 826 9.7 121 767 80.0 15 527 10.2 152 120 100
1969/70 16 372 10.3 124 310 78.7 18 335 11.5 159 017 100
1970/71 16 464 11.6 103 822 73.2 21 481 15.1 141 767 100
1971/72 13 996 13.9 67 593 67.3 18 850 18.8 100 439 100
1972/73 12 195 16.2 51 121 67.8 12 124 16.1 75 440 100
1973/74 16 032 18.6 52 356 60.9 17 610 20.5 85 998 100
1974/75 13 979 20.3 39 889 57.8 15 095 21.9 68 963 100
1975/76 10 584 29.7 15 530 43.6 9 484 26.6 35 598 100
1976/77 24 383 44.0 18 690 33.7 12 396 22.3 55 469 100
1977/78 21 177 35.8 21 690 36.6 16 332 27.6 59 199 100
1978/79 22 608 42.3 12 704 23.8 18 083 33.9 53 395 100
1979/80 26 077 38.0 23 277 33.9 19 350 28.2 68 704 100
1980/81 28 568 28.6 46 169 46.3 25 064 25.1 99 801 100
1981/82 30 663 28.9 56 151 52.9 19 276 18.2 106 090 100
1982/83 27 080 34.9 38 354 49.4 12 191 15.7 77 625 100
1983/84 29 000 53.2 15 720 28.8 9 820 18.0 54 540 100
1984/85 34 635 52.1 15 983 24.0 15 852 23.8 66 470 100
1985/86 35 642 42.9 23 316 28.1 24 073 29.0 83 031 100
1986/87 43 883 42.7 31 517 30.7 27 342 26.6 102 742 100
1987/88 56 585 42.6 38 295 28.8 37 870 28.5 132 750 100
1988/89 60 235 44.8 36 663 27.3 37 434 27.9 134 332 100
1989/90 54 525 50.0 32 379 29.7 22 221 20.4 109 125 100
1990/91 65 491 62.2 25 039 23.8 14 769 14.0 105 299 100
1991/92 58 279 63.2 19 739 21.4 14 194 15.4 92 212 100
1992/93 35 442 56.3 16 441 26.1 11 100 17.6 62 983 100
1993/94 29 446 51.7 15 296 26.9 12 157 21.4 56 899 100
1994/95 35 923 47.9 20 660 27.6 18 373 24.5 74 956 100
1995/96 43 313 50.5 21 305 24.8 21 208 24.7 85 826 100
1996/97 34 337 47.7 16 809 23.3 20 840 28.9 71 986 100
Notes: a) All years listed are financial years: July 1st to June 30th. b) "Settler" statistics were kept only from January 1959. c) "Asia" includes "West Asia", except that Cyprus has been included in "Europe". d) Immigration and emigration statistics for 1983/84 have been rounded off. e) "Net Settler Gain" is "Settler Arrivals" minus "Former Settler Departures". f) There are slight differences between the immigration figures produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (unpublished statistics used in this document) and the Department of Immigration (the Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research's Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics issues numbered 17 and 18) for the years 1982/83 - 1987/88. The Department of Immigration's figures for those years are produced below, while the Australian Bureau of Statistics' figures are incorporated in the table above, so that direct comparisons can be made with the other immigration tables in this document. IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1982/83 - 1987/88 NET SETTLER GAIN (Department of Immigration figures) (43*) 1982/83 27 424 35.2 38 226 49.1 12 141 15.6 77 791 100 1983/84 29 546 53.2 16 002 28.8 9 990 18.0 55 538 100 1984/85 34 967 52.1 16 180 24.1 15 902 23.7 67 049 100 1985/86 35 637 43.0 23 237 28.0 23 977 28.9 82 851 100 1986/87 43 815 42.7 31 407 30.6 27 288 26.6 102 510 100 1987/88 56 619 42.6 38 301 28.8 37 854 28.5 132 774 100 IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1976/77 - 1996/97 NET PERMANENT GAIN (Permanent Arrivals [Settlers] minus Permanent Departures) (44)
U.K. and
Year Asia % Europe % Other % Total %
1976/77 24 281 52.4 18 100 39.1 3 948 8.5 46 329 100
1977/78 21 019 42.0 20 874 41.7 18 785 37.5 50 075 100
1978/79 22 822 54.6 11 006 26.3 7 935 19.0 41 763 100
1979/80 25 846 44.0 22 176 37.8 10 709 18.2 58 731 100
1980/81 28 372 31.1 45 409 49.8 17 412 19.1 91 193 100
1981/82 30 446 31.3 55 362 57.0 11 338 11.7 97 146 100
1982/83 26 901 39.4 37 550 55.1 3 730 5.5 68 181 100
1983/84 28 790 64.7 14 780 33.2 940 2.1 44 510 100
1984/85 34 382 60.2 14 967 26.2 7 781 13.6 57 130 100
1985/86 35 397 47.5 22 570 30.3 16 523 22.2 74 490 100
1986/87 43 629 46.6 30 773 32.9 19 211 20.5 93 613 100
1987/88 56 407 45.9 37 541 30.5 29 047 23.6 122 995 100
1988/89 59 822 48.4 35 527 28.7 28 320 22.9 123 669 100
1989/90 53 901 57.7 30 395 32.5 9 074 9.7 93 370 100
1990/91 65 042 71.8 23 897 26.4 1 619 1.8 90 558 100
1991/92 57 555 73.5 18 524 23.7 2 190 2.8 78 269 100
1992/93 34 610 71.5 15 273 31.5 -1 458 -3.0 48 425 100
1993/94 28 730 67.6 14 288 33.6 -530 -1.2 42 488 100
1994/95 35 118 58.1 19 746 32.6 5 616 9.3 60 480 100
1995/96 42 478 60.3 20 364 28.9 7 627 10.8 70 469 100
1996/97 33 355 59.7 15 864 28.4 6 676 11.9 55 895 100
Notes: a) All years listed are financial years: July 1st to June 30th. b) "Asia" includes "West Asia", except that Cyprus has been included in "Europe". c) Migration statistics for 1983/84 have been rounded off. d) There are slight differences between the immigration figures produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (unpublished statistics used in this document) and the Department of Immigration (the Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research's Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics issues numbered 17 and 18) for the years 1982/83 - 1987/88 (45*). Notwithstanding this, the "Permanent Departure" figures from the ABS and the BIMPR are exactly the same; however, as the Department of Immigration's immigration figures for those years are different, this means that the net immigration figures will also differ. Therefore, the Department of Immigration's figures for those years are produced below, while the Australian Bureau of Statistics' figures are incorporated in the table above, so that direct comparisons can be made with the other immigration tables in this document. IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1982/83 - 1987/88 NET PERMANENT GAIN (Department of Immigration figures) (46)
U.K. and
Year Asia % Europe % Other % Total %
1982/83 27 245 39.9 37 422 54.7 3 680 5.4 68 347 100
1983/84 29 396 64.6 15 062 33.1 1 050 2.3 45 508 100
1984/85 34 714 60.1 15 164 26.3 7 831 13.6 57 709 100
1985/86 35 392 47.6 22 491 30.3 16 427 22.1 74 310 100
1986/87 43 561 46.6 30 663 32.8 19 157 20.5 93 381 100
1987/88 56 441 45.9 37 547 30.5 29 031 23.6 123 019 100
IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1976/77 - 1996/97 PERMANENT AND LONG-TERM ARRIVALS (47)
U.K. and
Year Asia % Europe % Other % Total %
1976/77 31 886 20.4 51 876 33.2 72 480 46.4 156 242 100
1977/78 28 965 18.3 53 868 34.0 75 694 47.7 158 527 100
1978/79 33 431 20.6 45 895 28.3 82 876 51.1 162 202 100
1979/80 37 473 22.0 53 281 31.3 79 543 46.7 170 297 100
1980/81 41 703 20.4 76 212 37.2 86 865 42.4 204 780 100
1981/82 45 691 21.7 85 207 40.4 79 753 37.9 210 651 100
1982/83 43 082 24.9 65 746 38.1 63 911 37.0 172 739 100
1983/84 45 260 31.1 40 590 27.9 59 430 40.9 145 280 100
1984/85 51 705 31.7 41 924 25.7 69 627 42.6 163 256 100
1985/86 53 381 28.6 50 204 26.9 82 811 44.4 186 396 100
1986/87 63 091 30.7 58 456 28.4 84 204 40.9 205 751 100
1987/88 78 461 32.4 67 249 27.8 96 538 39.8 242 248 100
1988/89 86 189 34.5 67 101 26.8 96 590 38.6 249 880 100
1989/90 88 204 38.0 63 030 27.2 80 688 34.8 231 922 100
1990/91 102 465 43.3 56 411 23.9 77 523 32.8 236 399 100
1991/92 108 667 46.4 50 457 21.5 75 048 32.0 234 172 100
1992/93 83 735 41.1 46 199 22.7 73 832 36.2 203 766 100
1993/94 82 522 39.8 46 475 22.4 78 371 37.8 207 368 100
1994/95 96 416 40.4 53 714 22.5 88 393 37.1 238 523 100
1995/96 112 308 42.7 56 337 21.4 94 072 35.8 262 717 100
1996/97 110 644 42.4 54 919 21.0 95 438 36.6 261 001 100
Notes: a) All years listed are financial years: July 1st to June 30th. b) "Asia" includes "West Asia", except that Cyprus has been included in "Europe". c) Migration statistics for 1983/84 have been rounded off. IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1976/77 - 1996/97 NET PERMANENT AND LONG-TERM GAIN (48)
U.K. and
Year Asia % Europe % Other % Total %
1976/77 23 754 55.1 13 279 30.8 6 109 14.2 43 142 100
1977/78 20 075 35.8 20 782 37.0 15 281 27.2 56 138 100
1978/79 23 694 40.6 13 661 23.4 20 947 35.9 58 302 100
1979/80 28 318 36.8 26 773 34.8 21 847 28.4 76 938 100
1980/81 32 409 27.3 53 733 45.3 32 516 27.4 118 658 100
1981/82 35 664 29.0 62 516 50.8 24 778 20.1 122 958 100
1982/83 31 380 41.6 37 001 49.0 7 069 9.4 75 450 100
1983/84 32 220 69.2 11 870 25.5 2 450 5.3 46 540 100
1984/85 37 231 54.7 16 291 23.9 14 487 21.3 68 009 100
1985/86 38 258 40.7 27 196 28.9 28 478 30.3 93 932 100
1986/87 47 186 45.5 34 858 33.6 21 615 20.8 103 659 100
1987/88 60 814 42.5 43 063 30.1 39 347 27.5 143 224 100
1988/89 64 264 46.8 39 157 28.5 33 821 24.6 137 242 100
1989/90 63 346 61.0 32 122 30.9 8 398 8.1 103 866 100
1990/91 70 208 74.1 24 634 26.0 -85 -0.1 94 757 100
1991/92 68 341 76.0 19 683 21.9 1 864 2.1 89 888 100
1992/93 41 649 66.5 19 240 30.7 1 782 2.8 62 671 100
1993/94 41 220 61.2 20 442 30.3 5 719 8.5 67 381 100
1994/95 52 604 56.5 27 338 29.4 13 100 14.1 93 042 100
1995/96 65 825 60.0 28 166 25.7 15 670 14.3 109 661 100
1996/97 57 124 60.5 24 247 25.7 13 025 13.8 94 396 100
Notes: a) All years listed are financial years: July 1st to June 30th. b) "Asia" includes "West Asia", except that Cyprus has been included in "Europe". c) Migration statistics for 1983/84 have been rounded off. IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA AND EUROPE: AUSTRALIA 1976/77 - 1996/97 NET TOTAL IMMIGRATION (49)
U.K. and
Year Asia % Europe % Other % Total %
1976/77 28 417 50.4 15 165 26.9 12 783 22.7 56 365 100
1976/78 20 090 35.3 20 891 36.7 15 882 27.9 56 863 100
1978/79 22 644 37.4 8 352 13.8 29 574 48.8 60 543 100
1979/80 24 603 25.2 25 959 26.6 46 922 48.1 97 484 100
1980/81 37 154 25.2 97 619 66.2 12 728 8.6 147 501 100
1981/82 37 580 34.9 58 217 54.1 11 900 11.0 107 697 100
1982/83 30 098 37.6 30 369 37.9 19 591 24.5 80 058 100
1983/84 34 900 155.1 -100 -0.4 -12 300 -54.7 22 500 100
1984/85 37 553 61.6 8 117 13.3 15 304 25.1 60 974 100
1985/86 41 194 33.9 31 414 25.9 48 753 40.2 121 361 100
1986/87 53 729 43.4 40 328 32.6 29 782 24.0 123 839 100
1987/88 82 681 43.2 51 771 27.1 56 778 29.7 191 230 100
1988/89 76 453 60.6 43 494 34.5 6 112 4.8 126 059 100
1989/90 87 574 90.5 24 870 25.7 -15 720 -0.2 96 724 100
1990/91 59 446 88.5 15 744 23.4 -8 000 -11.9 67 190 100
1991/92 49 566 142.1 9 138 26.2 -23 823 -68.3 34 881 100
1992/93 23 120 63.2 4 102 11.2 9 343 25.5 36 565 100
1993/94 36 842 62.4 17 248 29.2 4 914 8.3 59 004 100
1994/95 40 495 37.9 42 576 39.8 23 852 22.3 106 923 100
1995/96 62 746 56.7 36 348 32.8 11 583 10.5 110 677 100
1996/97 25 933 32.9 44 461 56.4 8 480 10.7 78 874 100
Notes: a) All years listed are financial years: July 1st to June 30th. b) "Asia" includes "West Asia", except that Cyprus has been included in "Europe". c) Migration statistics for 1983/84 have been rounded off. NET IMMIGRATION BY RACE: AUSTRALIA 1914 - 1957 (50*) Year Asian European Other Total 1914 -1 048 29 305 -198 28 059 1915 -1 500 5 274 144 3 630 1916 949 -1 101 509 357 1917 649 140 96 3 559 1918 -29 3 054 255 3 280 1919 -363 4 959 399 4 995 1920 -889 18 850 104 18 065 1921 -2 229 19 931 -177 17 525 1922 245 39 654 258 40 157 1923 256 39 488 -30 39 714 1924 339 45 470 260 46 069 1925 340 39 422 39 39 801 1926 -91 44 845 29 44 783 1927 -502 52 022 60 51 580 1928 383 29 645 26 30 054 1929 48 11 644 128 11 820 1930 -541 -7 953 -36 -8 530 1931 -950 -9 094 -50 -10 094 1932 -306 -2 789 98 -2 997 1933 -292 487 19 214 1934 151 2 148 -19 2 280 1935 -214 -98 23 -289 1936 195 1 292 10 1 497 1937 206 4 961 36 5 203 1938 522 8 592 23 9 137 1939 147 13 748 -4 13 891 1940 -268 13 640 28 13 400 1941 -37 5 237 -16 5 184 1942 1 038 5 085 43 6 166 1943 855 429 -13 1 271 1944 -440 -1 703 -40 -2 183 1945 95 -2 728 4 -2 629 1946 -507 -14 669 28 -15 148 1947 -657 11 235 33 10 611 1948 115 18 685 35 18 835 1949 436 149 461 104 150 001 1950 1 187 151 326 -8 152 505 1951 1 945 109 363 125 111 433 1952 1 367 92 689 -24 94 032 1953 957 41 854 86 42 897 1954 653 67 698 -144 68 207 1955 1 349 95 729 177 97 255 1956 2 010 91 852 136 93 998 1957 506 78 206 20 78 732 Notes: a) All years listed are calendar years: January 1st to December 31st. b) Minus sign (-) denotes excess of departures over arrivals. c) 1948 figures are for the 6 months ended June 1948 only. d) Excludes troop movements for 1915 to 1920, and September 1939 to June 1947; includes troop movements for 6 months ended June 1948, and 1949-1950. e) It appears that migration statistics by race were not kept after 1957. 
 |